o 


A  Survey  of  PubKc  School 
Buflding  Requirements 


m 


Cleveland  Heights 
Ohio 


A  Survey 

Public  School  Building  Requirements 

in 
Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


by 


P.  C.  PACKER 

Assistant  Superintendent,   Detroit  Public  Schools 

H.  W.  ANDERSON 

Assistant  Director  Educational  Recearch,  Detroit  Public  Schools 

DR.  L.  J.  BRUECKNER 

Research  Department,  Detroit  Normal  School 


^ 


Forword 

In  the  year  1916  the  Board  of  Education  made  a  survey  of  certain 
parts  of  Cleveland  Heights  to  determine  the  growth  and  distribution  in 
school  population  and  the  ratio  of  children  of  school  age  to  the  number 
of  families.  This  report  was  the  basis  on  which  a  bond  issue  was  asked 
for  in  that  year,  but  owing  to  the  size  of  the  issue  and  the  fact  that  the 
items  were  budgeted,  it  suffered  defeat.  Since  that  time  the  Board  of 
Education  has  frequently  discussed  the  advisability  of  a  survey  but  has 
felt  that  no  funds  were  available  for  this  purpose  owing  to  the  rapid  in- 
crease in  the  school  population  and  the  need  to  care  for  the  children  ap- 
plying to  the  schools  for  admission. 

At  a  joint  meeting  of  the  educational  committees  of  the  two  Civic 
Clubs,  which  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Education  attended,  the  sug- 
gestion was  made  that  a  comprehensive  survey  be  undertaken  which 
would  determine  the  school  needs  of  Qeveland  Heights  for  the  next  20 
years.  The  committee  thought  that  the  clubs  might  be  able  to  raise  the 
money  outside  for  this  purpose,  but  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion felt  that  such  cost  should  be  met  out  of  the  common  fund  as  it  con- 
tributed to  the  common  need.  This  suggestion  was  presented  to  the 
Board  of  Education  and  favorably  acted  upon. 

Mr.  P.  C.  Packer  of  Detroit,  recommended  for  this  work  by  Dr. 
Leonard  Ayres,  who  directed  the  Cleveland  school  survey,  was  retained 
for  the  purpose.  The  report  of  Mr.  Packer  is  transmitted  herewith  and 
it  is  the  desire  of  the  Board  of  Education  that  it  may  be  carefully  read 
and  understood  by  every  resident  of  Qeveland  Heights  since  it  points 
a  way  to  a  more  logical  development  of  the  schools  than  has  heretofore 
been  planned.  This  report  is  transmitted  without  modification  and  is  not 
in  any  way  influenced  by  the  individual  feeling  of  any  resident  of  Qeve- 
land Heights.  The  report  was  presented  to  the  Board  of  Education  on 
the  morning  of  April  15th,  1920,  to  the  Citizens  Committee,  the  Presi- 
dent of  which  is  Mr.  W,  C.  Dunlap,  on  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day 
and  to  a  joint  meeting  of  the  Men's  and  Women's  Civic  Clubs  on  the 
evening  of  the  same  day  by  Mr.  Packer  in  person.  The  recommendations 
of  this  report  have  since  been  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Education  with- 
out modification. 

The  Board  of  Education  trusts  that  this  report  will  make  clear  to 
the  residents  of  Qeveland  Heights  the  probable  growth  and  needs  of  the 
school  system  for  a  considerable  period  of  time. 

For  the  Board  of  Education  of  Cleveland  Heights. 

JAMES  H.  HERRON,  President. 


Introduction 


The  following  report  on  the  sites  and  the  building  needs  for 
school  purposes  in  Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio,  is  submitted  in  response 
to  a  request  made  by  the  Board  of  Education.  It  represents  a  careful 
study  of  the  needs  of  the  community  in  terms  of  the  present  require- 
ments and  the  anticipated  development  during  the  next  twenty  years. 
The  ultimate  plant,  that  is,  the  number  and  location  of  each  type  of 
school  that  will  probably  be  required  up  to  1940,  together  with  the 
immediate  requirements,  have  been  determined.  Only  the  first  year's 
program  of  the  ultimate  plant,  representing  the  immediate  needs,  has 
been  recommended.  The  determination  of  the  portion  of  the  ultimate 
plant  to  be  built  in  any  succeeding  year  will  be  conditioned  by  factors 
operating  that  year.  The  discussion  which  follows  presents  the  ulti- 
mate school  plant  and  the  immediate  minimum  requirements  which 
must  be  provided  for  Cleveland  Heights. 


Members  of 

Cleveland  Heights  Board  of  Education 

Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 

JAMES  H.  HERRON,  President 

LENA  B.  COMBES,  Vice  President 

DAVID  B.  CARPENTER 

R.  J.  GILLETT 

E.  W.  KNEEN 

EZRA  K.  BRYAN,  Clerk 


fe 


School  Building  Program 


Character  of  City 


The  first  consideration  in  any  comprehensive  building 
program  is  the  character  of  the  city.  In  other  words,  for  what 
type  of  city  are  the  schools  to  be  provided?  Is  the  community 
growing?  What  are  its  limitations  of  growth ?  Is  its  develop- 
ment affected  by  commerce  and  industry,  or  is  it  strictly  resi- 
dential ? 

A  study  of  Cleveland  Heights  reveals  the  fact  that  the  city 
has  had  a  phenomenal  growth.  Since  1910  the  population  has 
increased  from  2,955  to  14,811  or  approximately  400  per  cent. 
(See  Appendix,  Table  I,  Page  29.) 

Further  evidence  of  the  rapid  growth  is  to  be  found  in  the 
number  of  buildings  erected  yearly.  In  the  year  1919  alone 
there  were  constructed  in  Cleveland  Heights  1,077  buildings, 
or  a  gain  of  more  than  43  per  cent.  Plate  I  shows  the  building 
growth  of  the  city  by  blocks  since  1916.  (See  also  Appendix, 
Table  II,  Page  30.)  That  the  growth  of  the  city  is  likely  to 
continue  is  revealed  by  the  findings  of  extensive  investigations 
made  by  Barclay,  Parsons  and  Klapp  for  the  proposed  subway, 
and  studies  by  the  Water  Department  and  Telephone  Systen^s, 
who  estimated  that  the  population  would  be  110,000  by  1940. 
The  results  of  their  studies  are  shown  in  Plate  II.  (See  also 
Appendix,  Table  III,  Page  31.) 

To  check  the  possibility  of  Cleveland  Heights  maintaining 
the  estimated  population  within  its  present  limits,  a  study  was 
made  to  determine  the  present  lot  occupancy.  The  per  cent  of 
lots  which  are  occupied  is  shown  in  Plate  III. 


Cleveland  Heights.  Ohio 


Per  Cent  of  Growth  in  Building  since  1916 


Plate  I 

7? 


STREET      PLAN 
OEVELANDtlEiOHTSViLLAGE 

SCMOOL  District 


.  Growth  in  Building 

-  Unoccupied 

-  51-100% 

-  0-50% 
- 101%  over 


School  Building  Program 


Present  and  Estimated  Population 


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Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


Lot  Occupancy  Shown  by  Blocks 


Plate  III 


STREET      PLAN 
CLEVELANDnElGHTSVlLLAGE 

School  District 


Plan  Showing  %  Occupancy 
■■■'90' /CO 


HSIG 


School  Building  Program 


It  was  found  that  in  the  area  subdivided  up  to  March  1, 
1920,  there  were  approximately  12,828  lots  of  which  3,577  or 
27.8  per  cent  were  occupied.  Reckoning  area  not  subdivided 
at  five  lots  per  acre,  it  was  found  that  approximately  7,150  ad- 
ditional lots  will  be  available,  making  a  grand  total  of  approxi- 
mately 20,000  lots.  ( See  Appendix,  Table  VI,  Page  33. )  On 
the  basis  of  the  present  population  figures  and  number  of 
dwellings,  there  are  about  five  individuals  per  lot  occupied.  This 
means  that  Cleveland  Heights  can  easily  accommodate  more 
than  100,000  people  with  its  present  liberal  allowance  for  size 
of  lots,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  with  the  tendency 
toward  greater  congestion  in  all  rapidly  developing  suburbs, 
the  estimated  population  of  110,000  will  be  amply  cared  for 
within  the  city  limits. 

The  common  assumption  that  the  community  is  strictly 
residential  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  less  than  three  per  cent 
of  the  present  subdivided  area  is  unrestricted.  Plate  IV  shows 
clearly  the  restricted  character  of  the  city.  ( See  also  Appendix, 
Table  IV,  Page  31.) 

More  than  97  per  cent  of  the  subdivided  area  is  confined 
almost  exclusively  to  one  and  two  family  residences.  The  only 
factor  which  might  affect  any  material  change  in  the  residential 
character  of  the  city  is  the  development  of  commerce  and  in- 
dustry. Growth  of  industry,  as  shown  by  studies  in  other  cities, 
is  dependent  upon  freight  carrying  transportation  lines, 
whether  water  or  rail.  Since  Cleveland  Heights  has  neither 
of  these,  nor  a  likelihood  of  their  development  any  serious  en- 
croachment upon  the  residential  character  of  the  city  is  not  to 
be  expected.  Therefore,  the  building  program  has  been 
planned  to  meet  the  needs  of  a  city  of  homes. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


Restrictions  in  Building  Shown  by  Blocks 


Plate  IV 


8 School  Building  Program 

Policy  of  Organization 

The  second  consideration  and  a  basic  factor  in  a  compre- 
hensive building  program  is  the  official  adoption  by  the  Board 
of  Education  of  an  organization  policy  recommended  by  the 
Superintendent.  In  Cleveland  Heights  the  present  organiza- 
tion is  in  general  the  7-5.  This  has  been  brought  about  by  send- 
ing all  eighth  grade  pupils  to  the  high  school,  leaving  grades 
one  to  seven,  inclusive,  in  the  elementary  schools,  and  placing 
grades  eight  to  twelve,  inclusive,  in  the  high  school.  In  the 
present  high  school  organizaltion,  the  first  two  grades  are 
known  as  the  junior  high,  and  the  last  three  as  the  senior  high 
school.  Superintendent  McLane  contemplates  an  organization 
which  will  place  kindergarten  to  grade  six,  inclusive,  in  the 
elementary  schools ;  grades  seven,  eight  and  nine  in  junior  high 
schools;  and  grades  ten,  eleven  and  twelve  in  senior  high 
schools.  This  is  technically  known  as  the  6-3-3  type  of  organ- 
ization.   (See  discussion  in  Appendix,  Page  33.) 

The  adoption  of  any  policy  of  organization  implies  no 
abrupt  transition  from  the  present  state.  It  should  mean, 
however,  that  the  Board  of  Education  will,  upon  advice  of  the 
Superintendent,  work  as  rapidly  as  possible  toward  the  final 
achievement  of  the  policy  adopted.  In  an  old  community 
where  an  extensive  plant  has  been  built  up  without  careful 
planning,  it  is  difficult  to  make  extensive  changes.  However, 
in  a  new  community,  such  as  Cleveland  Heights,  changes  may 
be  readily  made  without  seriously  disturbing  what  has  already 
been  done.  In  view  of  the  facts,  first,  that  Superintendent 
McLane  proposes  the  6-3-3  organization,  second,  that  we  believe 
the  Superintendent's  proposition  will  best  serve  the  educational 
interests  of  the  city  and  third,  that  as  this  is  a  new  city  where  an 
organization  other  than  the  one  in  operation  may  be  easily 
effected,  we  recommend  that  the  Board  of  Education  immedi- 
ately adopt  the  6-3-3  type  of  organization  as  the  policy  on 
which  to  plan  its  comprehensive  building  program.  The 
following  building  program  is  based  on  the  6-3-3  plan. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


Ultimate  School  Plant 

The  third  consideration  in  a  comprehensive  building  pro- 
gram is  the  planning  of  the  ultimate  school  plant.  That  is,  how 
many  of  each  type  of  school  will  ultimately  be  needed  and  where 
should  they  be  located.  In  general,  the  number  of  buildings 
for  each  type  of  school  should  be  as  few  as  possible.  The  rea- 
lization of  such  a  principle  does  away  with  schools  which  enroll 
a  very  small  number  of  children  except  in  the  early  develop- 
ment of  outlying  districts  which  are  sparsely  settled.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  only  absolutely  known  and  recognized  factor 
which  prevents  concentrating  all  the  educational  activities  of  a 
public  school  system  at  one  center  is  the  distance  children  would 
be  compelled  to  travel.  With  distances  children  are  to  be  asked 
to  travel  as  a  fundamental  guide,  the  ultimate  school  plant  for 
Cleveland  Heights  has  been  planned,  showing  the  number  and 
location  of  the  proposed  elementary,  junior  and  senior  high 
schools. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  younger  children  should  not  be  asked 
to  travel  as  great  distances  as  the  older  children.  Furthermore, 
the  area  of  a  district  which  is  limited  to  reasonable  distances  of 
travel  for  elementary  children  does  not  contribute  a  sufficient 
number  of  students  for  an  effective  educational  unit  in  junior 
and  senior  high  schools.  In  like  manner,  a  junior  high  school 
district  has  too  few  pupils  for  an  effective  senior  high  school. 
These  conclusions  are  true  because  of  two  factors:  first,  the 
junior  and  senior  high  schools  provide  for  only  three  grades 
each,  while  the  elementary  school  cares  for  six  grades  and  kin- 
dergarten; and  second,  the  number  of  children  remaining  in 
school  becomes  less  and  less  in  each  successive  grade  especially 
after  the  attainment  of  the  compulsory  school  age.  .Since  dis- 
tances required  to  be  traveled  to  school  are  different  in  each 
type  of  the  6-3-3  organization,  the  ultimate  plant  of  each  has 
been  treated  separately  in  this  report. 


10  School  Building  Program 


Ultimate  Elementary  Plant 

Factors  which  affected  the  number  and  location  of  the 
elementary  schools  were  present  plant,  distance  which  children 
may  be  expected  to  travel,  density  of  population,  existing 
schools  in  surrounding  territory  and  availability  of  sites.  Plate 
V  shows  the  present  elementary  schools  of  Cleveland  Heights 
and  the  relationship  which  they  now  bear  to  each  other.  The 
circles  are  one-half  mile  in  radius. 

The  first  factor  to  be  considered  is  the  character  of  the 
present  buildings.  Of  the  seven  schools  indicated  on  the  map, 
three — Coventry,  Roxboro  and  Fairfax — are  of  modern  fire- 
proof construction.  Lee  and  Noble,  while  not  especially  old, 
having  been  erected  in  1902-05  and  1910,  are  not  fireproof  and 
may  be  expected  to  serve  for  a  limited  time  only,  probably  ten 
or  fifteen  years.  Superior  and  Severance  are  houses  now  used 
for  school  children.  Knowing  these  facts  it  is  possible  then  to 
plan  the  ultimate  plant  without  regard  to  any  of  the  present 
schools  except  Coventry,  Roxboro  and  Fairfax. 

The  next  factor  to  be  treated  is  the  determination  of  the 
maximum  distance  elementary  children  will  be  asked  to  travel 
to  school.  If  schools  in  the  ultimate  plant  are  so  placed  that  no 
child  will  actually  travel  more  than  one-half  mile  to  school  it 
would  require  a  total  of  twenty-two  buildings  to  care  for  the 
needs  of  the  city  in  1940.  The  distance  between  schools  will  be 
approximately  three-quarters  of  a  mile.  This  would  mean 
about  515  children  on  the  average  in  each  school  in  1940,  as 
based  on  the  estimated  enrollment  of  11,300*  in  the  kinder- 
garten to  sixth  grade,  inclusive.  Plate  VI  shows  clearly  how 
the  schools  so  located  would  be  distributed. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


11 


Present  Elementary  School 
Circles  One-half  Mile  Radius 


Plate  V 


STREET      PLAN 


School  District 


^-FfeESEhT  ftEllpllTARY 

School   PL4nT^^- 


12 


School  Building  Program 


Elementary  School  Sites. 
Radius  of  Circles  9S  Mile 

Plate  VI 


There  are  two  more  schools  in  Idlewood  district  that  are  not 
shown  on  this  map 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  13 

As  schools  with  an  enrollment  as  low  as  515  are  not 
economical  because  of  the  overhead  costs  of  unnecessary  ad- 
ministration, duplication  of  equipment,  heating,  maintenance, 
etc.,  a  plan  involving  so  many  schools  would  be  ill  advised.  For 
this  reason  and  the  more  or  less  general  tendency  throughout 
the  country  to  a  policy  which  requires  that  an  elementary  school 
serve  a  territory  within  a  radius  of  one-half  mile,  the  ultimate 
locations  of  elementary  schools  as  proposed  in  this  report  are 
one  mile  apart.  Such  a  proposal  means  that  not  more  than  ten 
or  fifteen  per  cent  of  the  children  will  be  required  to  travel  a 
greater  distance  than  one-half  mile  to  school.  Plate  VII  shows 
the  distribution  of  the  schools  located  approximately  one  mile 
apart. 

In  this  distribution  tw'elve  schools  will  serve  the  ultimate 
elementary  needs  of  the  school  district  instead  of  twenty-two  as 
shown  on  previous  map.  This  would  mean  an  approximate 
average  enrollment  of  940  children  in  1940,  based  on  the 
estimated  enrollment  of  11,300*  in  the  kindergarten  to  sixth 
grade,  inclusive.  The  present  schools  in  the  surrounding 
suburbs  have  been  taken  into  consideration  as  is  evident  from 
the  map.  Wherever  possible,  main  thoroughfares  have  been 
avoided.  Availability  of  sites  has  been  checked  and  they  may 
be  secured  at  the  places  indicated  or  in  the  near  vicinity.  It  is 
recommended  that  sites  of  five  acres  each  be  secured  to  meet 
the  needs  of  the  ultimate  elementary  school  plant  as  shown  on 
the  map  with  schools  approximately  one  mile  apart. 

*This  estimated  enrollment  does  not  include  any  contribution  which  the 
unplotted  Severance  estate  and  the  districts  in  Idlewood  and  South  Euclid 
may  be  expected  to  furnish  in  the  future.  In  all  probability  the  average  en- 
rollments of  515  and  940  would  change  to  625  and  1,100  respectively  with  the 
additional  territory  noted. 


14 


School  Building  Program 


Proposed  Elementary  School  Sites. 
One-half  Mile  Circles 


Plate  VII 


STREET      PLAN 

Cli:\  ELANDlIciGinsViLL 

5Cf-tOOL     DtSTRiC 

y Proposed    E 
School  3i 


The  schools  in  East  Cleveland,  Cleveland  and  Shaker  Heights,  bordering 
on  Cleveland  Heights,  show  the  relationship  the  present  and  future  ele- 
mentary schools  of  Cleveland  Heights  bear  to  surrounding  communities. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  15 


Ultimate  Junior  High  School  Plant 

According  to  the  estimated  enrollment  for  1940  in  grades 
seven,  eight  and  nine,  there  will  be  3,380  children.  As  a  junior 
high  school  of  much  less  than  1,000  cannot  be  run  effectively, 
it  is  desirable,  providing  distances  will  permit,  to  so  locate  sites 
that  not  more  than  four  schools  of  this  type  will  take  care  of 
the  needs  of  Cleveland  Heights.  The  area  of  the  city  is  so  dis- 
tributed that  this  can  be  easily  done  by  establishing  the  maxi- 
mum distance  traveled  by  children  as  one  mile.  To  travel  this 
distance  is  regarded  as  quite  reasonable  for  children  in  grades 
seven  to  nine.  Plate  VHI  shows  the  proposed  location  of  the 
future  junior  high  schools. 

The  present  Heights  High  School,  on  Lee  Road  between 
Oak  Road  and  Euclid  Heights  Boulevard,  would  ultimately  be- 
come a  junior  high  school.  The  other  three  would  be  located 
at  Roxboro  and  North  Park  Boulevard,  where  a  site  is  now 
owned,  in  the  vicinity  of  East  Scarborough  and  Queenston  and 
in  the  vicinity  of  Monticello  Boulevard  and  Quilliams  Street. 
These  locations  of  the  future  junior  high  schools  would  serve 
the  needs  of  Cleveland  Heights. 


16 


School  Building  Program 


Proposed  Junior  High  School  Sites 

Plate  VIII 


PLAN 
MiVELVM)]  lEIGIITSVlLL 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  17 


Ultimate  Senior  High  School  Plant 

The  estimated  enrollment  in  grades  ten  to  twelve  inclusive, 
shows  2,200  children  for  1940.  If  the  high  school  needs  of 
Cleveland  Heights  were  considered  independently  of  the  sur- 
rounding territory,  it  might  seem  to  be  desirable  to  locate  more 
than  one  center.  However,  careful  present  day  school  building 
planning,  especially  for  high  schools  in  villages  such  as  Cleve- 
land Heights,  requires  that  the  surrounding  suburbs  be  taken 
into  account,  recognizing  primarily,  of  course,  the  needs  of  the 
local  community.  Plate  IX  shows  clearly  the  off-center  situa- 
tion of  the  present  high  school. 

In  order  to  meet  these  requirements,  it  is  imperative  that 
the  location  which  is  to  best  serve  the  high  school  interests  of 
Cleveland  Heights  be  to  the  south  of  the  present  school.  Prob- 
ably the  first  question  to  arise  in  connection  with  such  a  pro- 
posal is  that  of  transportation.  This  means  that  such  a  move 
as  suggested  should  provide  equal  if  not  better  facilities  for 
children  to  reach  school  than  at  present.  The  fundamental 
question  is  then,  can  such  a  site  be  secured? 

The  site  proposed  is  at  or  near  the  junction  of  Cedar  and 
Lee  Roads.  It  is  certain  that  the  car  line  on  Cedar  will  be  ex- 
tended east  across  the  city.  While  at  present  no  car  line  is 
projected  on  Lee  Road,  Cleveland  Heights  will  furnish  an 
unusual  exception  to  the  rule  of  other  cities  if  such  a  cross-town 
line  is  not  built  in  the  near  future.  With  two  such  transporta- 
tion lines  as  those  which  must  almost  of  necessity  be  developed 
for  Cedar  and  Lee  Roads,  the  proposed  future  high  school  site 
is  very  nearly  ideal  as  regards  car  service,  center  of  district  to 
be  served  and  relationship  to  high  schools  in  the  territory  sur- 
rounding Cleveland  Heights  as  shown  in  Plate  X.  It  should  be 
kept  in  mind  that  the  present  Heights  High  School  would  serve 
splendidly  as  a  junior  high  school  in  the  ultimate  school  plant. 
The  relationship  of  the  proposed  site  to  the  proposed  junior 
high  school  sites  is  shown  in  Plate  XI. 


18 


School  Building  Program 


Present  Heights  High  School  and  its  relationship 
to  Cleveland  Heights  and  bordering  High  Schools 


Plate  IX 


HIGH 


r 


5HTS| 


r 
I 

EflSTCvcvcL/^no, 

r 


South  Euclid 


r ' 

1  - 
^ 

1  > 

■ 

- i 

— 

"1 

CttVELAnO 


n 


Smaker/Heishts      I — 


r' 


-_J 


L_ 


The  Cleveland  Heights  High  School  is  shown  by  the  largest  dot  and  the  heavy 

circle.    The  other  three  indicated  High  Schools,  are  those 

in  surrounding  communities. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


19 


Proposed  Senior  High  School  Site,  and  its 

Relationship  to  Cleveland  Heights  and 

Bordering  High  Schools. 


Plate  X 


PROPOSED  HI6H5CH00L5ITE 
CLEVELAHD      HEIGHTS 


The  proposed  site  for  the  Cleveland  Heights  High  School  is  shown  by  the 

largest  dot  and  heavy  circle.    The  bordering  High  Schools 

in  other  communities  are  shown. 


20 


School  Building  Program 


Relationship  of  Junior  High  Schools 

to 
Senior  High  Schools 


Plate  XI 


STREET       PLAN 
(^LtVTXVNDl  IeKjIITSVlLATiL 

School   District 


JutllOR.  AHD  SEIildl^ 

High  ScHp^s 

^LEVELAMD    HcimTiS 


M    S/    a. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 21 

Ultimate  Plant  Recommendations 

The  recommendations,  then,  covering  the  location  of  the 
ultimate  school  plant  for  Cleveland  Heights,  based  on  the  6-3-3 
type  of  organization,  are  as  follows : 

That  elementary  schools  be  located  in  present  Coventry, 
Roxboro,  Fairfax  and  Noble  Schools  and  that  the  additional 
future  sites  be  in  the  vicinity  of : 

1.  Washington  Boulevard  and  Goodnor  Road. 

2.  Lee  Road  and  Mayfield  Road. 

3.  East  Scarborough  and  Princeton  Roads. 

4.  In  Idlewood  east  of  Warrensville  Center  Road. 

5.  In  South  Euclid  on  Grosvenor  Road. 

6.  Lowell  Road  and  Quilliams  Road. 

7.  Taylor  Road  and  Monticello. 

8.  On  Severance  Estate.* 

That  the  four  junior  high  schools  be  located: 
L    In  the  present  high  school. 

2.  On  the  present  owned  Roxboro  site. 

3.  In  the  vicinity  of  East  Scarborough  and  Queenston. 

4.  In  the  vicinity  of  Monticello  Boulevard  and  Quilliams 
Road. 

That  the  senior  high  school  be  located  near  the  junction  of 
Cedar  and  Lee  Roads. 

That  Superior  and  Severance  schools  be  ultimately  aban- 
doned. 

♦Although  the  Severance  estate  may  not  be  platted  for  years  to  come, 
this  program  has  been  so  planned  that  a  school  may  be  located  on  this  estate, 
thus  safeguarding  the  city  against  any  future  contingency. 


22 School  Building  Program 

Immediate  Requirements 

The  fourth  consideration  in  a  building  program  is  the 
determination  of  the  minimum  requirements  which  must  be  im- 
mediately carried  out  in  order  to  meet  the  most  urgent  needs 
of  the  city. 

Sites 

In  the  preceding  section  of  this  report  the  sites  for  the 
ultimate  school  plant  have  been  located.  Undoubtedly,  one  of 
the  most  urgent  needs  is  the  immediate  acquisition  of  these 
sites.  A  careful  survey  of  whether  or  not  they  are  available 
revealed  the  fact  that  there  are  no  serious  obstacles  in  the  way 
of  their  immediate  procurement,  either  on  or  in  close  proximity 
to  the  places  indicated.  But,  because  of  the  phenomenal 
growth  of  the  city,  many  of  the  sites  will  be  occupied  by  build- 
ings in  a  short  time.  This  will  make  their  acquisition  practically 
prohibitive  and  may  necessitate  the  purchase  of  other  sites 
which  will  not  only  be  poorly  located,  but  will  likely  be  inade- 
quate in  size.  It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  secure  the  sites  at 
once. 

In  order  to  assure  adequate  playgrounds  and  room  for 
further  building  expansion,  additional  land  should  be  bought 
for  the  Fairfax  and  Noble  School  sites.  (See  Appendix,  Page 
36.) 

Elementary  Building  Needs 

The  immediate  elementary  building  needs  must  depend 
largely  on  the  overcrowded  condition  in  the  present  schools,  the 
construction  now  going  on  and  the  relief  afforded  thereby,  and 
the  rate  of  growth  in  the  different  sections  of  the  city.  The 
numerous  portables  stand  as  eloquent  witnesses  of  the  over- 
crowded conditions  of  the  elementary  schools.  (See  Appendix, 
Table  VIII,  Page  35.)  Over  two-fifths  of  the  pupils  are  housed 
in  temporary  structures.  This  is  a  condition  which  could  not 
have  been  avoided  during  the  war  with  its  accompanying  cessa- 
tion of  building  operations.  In  a  rapidly  growing  city  such  as 
Cleveland  Heights,  the  use  of  temporary  buildings  cannot  be 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  23 


entirely  obviated  before  the  city  more  nearly  approaches  its 
maximum  growth.  Thus,  even  in  the  future  portables  must  be 
temporarily  used  in  outlying  districts. 

The  immediate  elementary  building  needs  are  based  on  the 
probable  enrollment  in  February,  1922.  (See  Appendix,  Tables 
X  and  XI,  Pages  38  and  39. )  Conditions  of  labor  and  materials 
seem  to  preclude  a  likelihood  of  an  earlier  completion  of  build- 
ings recommended  in  this  program. 

Fairfax  School 
(Fairfax  and  Lee  Roads) 

The  present  capacity  of  the  Fairfax  School,  on  Fairfax 
and  Lee  Road,  based  on  35  pupils  per  room,  which  is  considered 
by  the  authorities  in  Cleveland  Heights  as  a  desirable  maxi- 
mum, is  315.  By  means  of  portables  the  school  is  now  accom- 
modating over  500  pupils  or  more  than  190  in  excess  of  the 
actual  capacity.  An  addition  of  nine  rooms  is  under  construc- 
tion ;  this  will  increase  the  capacity  of  the  school  to  630.  Dur- 
ing the  past  three  years,  building  growth  in  the  area  served  by 
the  Fairfax  School  has  been  about  33  per  cent  annually.  A  sim- 
ilar growth  in  school  enrollment  will  yield  a  total  of  approxi- 
mately 900  in  February,  1922.  Thus,  in  order  to  accommodate 
the  pupils  in  the  Fairfax  district  two  years  hence,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  add  sufificient  rooms  to  take  care  of  at  least  270 
pupils,  or  at  35  pupils  per  room,  eight  school  rooms  in  addition 
to  the  construction  now  under  way. 

Coventry  School 

(Washington  and  Euclid  Boulevards) 

Coventry  School  is  a  splendid  example  of  a  modern  fire- 
proof building  with  a  capacity  for  455  pupils.  The  enrollment 
in  February,  1920,  was  457,  only  two  pupils  in  excess  of  the 
present  capacity.  The  growth  of  the  section  served  by  this 
school  was  approximately  15  per  cent  annually  from  1916  to 
1919.  At  this  rate,  the  enrollment  in  February,  1922,  would 
exceed  600  pupils  or  over  145  more  than  present  capacity.  On 
this  basis,  at  least  five  additional  rooms  will  be  needed  to  ade- 
quately take  care  of  the  Coventry  district  two  years  hence. 
While  this  is  all  the  construction  needed  at  present,  attention 
is  called  to  the  fact  that  further  extension  of  this  plant  can  be 
made  to  provide  for  any  demands  that  are  likely  to  be  made 
upon  it. 


24 School  Building  Program 

Roxboro  School 

(Roxboro  and  Colchester  Roads) 

The  Roxboro  School  with  a  capacity  of  630  pupils  is  now 
under  construction.  This  building  will  be  the  third  modern 
fireproof  elementary  school  in  the  city.  The  growth  since  1916 
in  the  area  surrounding  this  school  has  been  23  per  cent  annu- 
ally. At  this  rate,  the  enrollment  in  February,  1922,  will  be 
approximately  305  pupils,  leaving  room  for  325  additional 
pupils.  It  may  be  possible  to  transfer  to  this  building  a  num- 
ber of  pupils  now  attending  Coventry  or  Fairfax,  thus  afford- 
ing a  measure  of  relief  to  these  schools.  Another  possibility  is 
the  retention  in  the  Roxboro  school  of  the  eighth  srrade  of  this 
vicinity.  This  will  insure  temporarily  a  more  complete  use  of 
the  building  until  such  time  as  the  district  will  be  more  densely 
populated. 

Noble  School 

(Noble  Road  and  Parkdale) 

The  school  at  Noble  Road  and  Parkdale,  built  in  1910,  is 
a  four-room  building,  and  in  February,  1920,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  a  portable,  was  housing  149  pupils.  The  school  has 
grown  approximately  21  per  cent  each  year  since  1917.  On  this 
basis,  the  enrollment  in  February,  1922,  will  be  about  220 
pupils.  There  are  reasons  to  believe  that  this  section  of  the 
city  will  grow  even  more  rapidly  in  the  near  future.  A  new 
fireproof  unit  should  be  started  on  this  site,  the  first  year's  con- 
struction consisting  of  four  rooms. 

Lee  School 

(On  High  School  Grounds) 

The  Lee  School,  built  in  1902  and  1905,  is  not  a  modern 
fireproof  building,  and  should  have  no  place  in  the  final  ele- 
mentary school  plant.  It  is,  however,  a  building  which,  in  view 
of  present  costs  and  difficulty  in  the  way  of  construction,  should 
be  utilized  for  several  years.  The  pupils  attending  this  school 
should  ultimately  be  transferred  to  the  elementary  buildings 
recommended  for  this  section  of  the  city. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  25 


Washington  Boulevard 

(Goodnor  Road  School) 

It  is  evident  from  an  analysis  of  the  facts,  that  the  first  new 
elementary  building  should  be  constructed  on  a  location  at  or 
near  Washington  Boulevard  and  Goodnor  Road.  The  area  of 
the  city  to  be  served  by  this  school  is  growing  at  an  exceedingly 
high  rate.  The  number  of  homes  practically  doubled  from  1916 
to  1919.  (See  Appendix,  Table  XI,  Page  39.)  A  similar 
growth  of  the  school  population  during  the  next  two  years  will 
find  at  least  260  pupils  in  this  section.  Provisions  for  eight 
rooms  of  a  unit  which  can  be  extended  indefinitely  should  be 
made  at  once. 

Junior  and  Senior  High  Schools 

The  immediate  need  in  Cleveland  Heights  is  to  provide 
elementary  schools.  Adequate  accommodations  for  grades 
eight  to  twelve  until  February,  1922,  will  be  supplied  by  the 
present  high  school  building,  with  the  addition  now  under  con- 
struction. This  report,  therefore,  does  not  recommend  the  im- 
mediate construction  of  either  junior  or  senior  high  schools.  It 
is  urged  that  the  grovvth  in  the  high  school  grades  during  the 
next  year  be  watched  carefully  in  order  that  the  proper  steps 
may  be  taken  as  soon  as  the  need  arises.  The  next  year's  pro- 
gram may  find  it  necessary  to  build  a  junior  high  school  in  the 
vicinity  of  East  Scarborough  and  Queenston,  or  on  the  Roxboro 
site. 


26  School  Building  Program 

Specific  Recommendations  for  Immediate 
Building  Program 

I.  Immediate  adoption  by  the  Board  of  Education  of  the 
6-3-3  plan  of  organization. 

II.  Immediate  purchase  of  the  following  sites: 

1.  Addition  to  Fairfax  School  and  Noble 
School  sites. 

2.  Five  acre  elementary  school  site  at  or  near 
Washington  Boulevard  and  Goodnor  Road. 

3.  Five  acre  elementary  school  site  in  vicinity 
of  Lee  Road  and  Mayfield. 

4.  Five  acre  elementary  school  site  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  East  Scarborough  and  Princeton. 

5.  Five  acre  elementary  school  site  in  Idlewood, 
east  of  Warrensville  Center  Road. 

6.  Five  acre  elementary  school  site  in  South 
Euclid,,  on  the  extension  of  Grosvenor  Road. 

7.  Five  acre  elementary  site  in  vicinity  of 
Lowell  Road  and  Quilliams'  Road. 

8.  Five  acre  elementary  site  in  the  vicinity  of 
Taylor  Road  and  Monticello. 

9.  No  assurance  can  be  given  at  this  time  of 
what  will  ultimately  be  the  disposition  of  the 
John  L.  Severance  estate.  The  elementary 
program,  however,  has  been  planned  so  that 
a  school  may  be  located  on  this  estate,  should 
the  need  arise. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 27 

10.  Seven  to  ten  acre  junior  high  school  site  in 
the  vicinity  of  East  Scarborough  and  Queen- 
ston. 

11.  Seven  to  ten  acre  junior  high  school  site  in 
the  vicinity  of  Monticello  Boulevard  and 
Oxford  Road. 

12.  The  two  full  blocks  bounded  by  Lee  Road, 
Goodnor  Road,  Washington  Boulevard  and 
Cedar  Road  for  a  senior  high  school. 

III.  Construct  immediately  the  following: 

1.  Eight  rooms  at  Fairfax  School. 

2.  Five  rooms  at  Coventry  School. 

3.  Four  rooms  at  Noble  School. 

4.  Eight  rooms  of  new  unit  on  site  in  vicinity  of 
Washington  Boulevard  and  Goodnor  Road. 


28  School  Building  Program 


Probable  Cost  of  Recommendations 

A  careful  estimate  of  the  cost  of  the  different  sites  was 
made,  based  on  present  land  exchange  values.  It  was  esti- 
mated that  the  expenditure  for  sites  would  not  exceed  $750,000. 

The  total  construction  amounts  to  25  elementary  school 
rooms,  as  recommended  above. 

The  estimation  of  the  cost  of  this  amount  of  construction 
is  left  to  the  architect.  It  is  believed  that  the  total  expenditures 
to  carry  out  the  above  recommendations  will  approximate 
$1,750,000.  To  care  for  any  unforeseen  contingencies  it  is 
recommended  that  at  least  a  $2,000,000  bond  issue  be  provided. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  29 


Appendix 

This  appendix  gives  the  statistical  data  upon  which  the 
discussion  and  the  recommendations  in  the  report  are  based. 
The  first  step  in  planning  a  comprehensive  building  program, 
as  was  pointed  out  in  the  discussion,  is  the  determination  of  the 
general  character  of  the  city. 

Growth  of  City  and  Schools 

Table  I  gives  the  school  census,  school  enrollment  and  the  total  popula- 
tion for  Cleveland  Heights  since  1910,  together  with  the  per  cents  of  growth 
since  that  year  for  each  of  these  items.  As  shown  in  the  table,  the  school  cen- 
sus in  1919  increased  386  per  cent  since  the  census  of  1910;  school  enrollment 
an  increase  of  580  per  cent,  and  total  population  an  increase  of  400  per  cent. 
School  enrollment  is  increasing  more  rapidly  than  the  population,  while  both 
have  shown  phenomenal  growths. 

TABLE  I. 

SCHOOL  CENSUS,  ENROLJ.MENT  AND  POPULATION  OF 

CLEVELAND  HEIGHTS  SINCE  1910 

(Source  of  Information,  Annual  Report  for  1918-19,  page  10) 


Year 

School 

Census 

School 

Enrollment 

Total  Population 

No. 

% 

No. 

% 

No.      % 

1910 

555 

100 

363 

100 

2955      100 

1911 

596 

107 

407 

112 

•  •  •  •            •  ••• 

1912 

656 

118 

491 

135 

3152      107 

1913 

707 

127 

551 

156 

3704      125 

1914 

867 

156 

591 

163 

4520      153 

1915 

1130 

204 

752 

208 

4959      168 

1916 

1504 

271 

958 

264 

6257      212 

1917 

1848 

333 

1366 

377 

8645      289 

1918 

2131 

385 

1731 

478 

11213      380 

1919 

2701 

486 

2466 

680 

14811      500 

In  1910  there  were  555  pupils  enumerated  in  the  school  census;  363  in  the 
school  enrollment,  etc.  In  1911  the  school  census  was  596,  or  107  per  cent  of 
the  figure  for  1910,  in  1912  it  was  656,  or  118  per  cent  of  the  figure  in  1910. 


30  School  Building  Program 


Relationship  Between  Population  and  School 

Elnrollment 

Table  II  shows  the  per  cent  of  the  total  population  enrolled  in  the  schools 
since  1912.  This  is  consistently  about  15.5  per  cent  and  is  a  relatively  high 
figure  when  compared  with  other  cities. 

TABLE  II. 

PER  CENT  OF  POPULATION  ENROLLED  IN  SCHOOLS  SINCE  1912 

School 
Year  Population  Enrollment        Per  Cent 


1912 

3,152 

491 

15.6 

1913 

3,074 

551 

15. 

1914 

4,520 

591 

13.1 

1915 

4,950 

752 

16.2 

1916 

6,257 

958 

15.3 

1917 

8,645 

1,366 

15.8 

1918 

11,213 

1,731 

15.4 

1919 

14,811 

2,466 

16.8 

Total 

57,252 

8,906 

15.5 

This  table  reads  as  follows:  In  1912  the  population  was  3,152.  The  school 
enrollment  was  491  or  15.6  per  cent  of  the  total  population. 

Possible  Future  Growth 

Another  factor  that  must  be  considered  in  determining  the  general  char- 
acter of  the  community  is  its  possible  future  growth.  Table  III  shows  the 
estimated  population  for  each  year  up  to  1940.  The  estimates  are  based  on 
the  report  by  Barclay,  Parsons  and  Clapp  for  the  proposed  subway,  and  studies 
by  the  Water  Department  and  the  Telephone  System.  It  shows  an  estimated 
population  in  1940  of  110,000.  For  the  purposes  of  this  report  it  was  also 
desirable  to  estimate  the  future  developments  of  the  school  population  in  the 
three  types  of  schools — elementary,  kindergarten  to  sixth;  junior  high  schools, 
seventh  to  ninth;  and  senior  high  schools,  tenth  to  twelfth.  Using  the  figures 
of  June,  1916,  as  a  basis  and  assuming  the  growth  for  each  group  to  be  in  the 
same  proportion  as  that  of  the  growth  of  the  population  as  a  whole,  the  esti- 
mates given  in  Table  III  were  derived.  The  estimated  enrollment  in  1940  in 
the  elementary  grades  is  11,300;  in  the  junior  high  schools,  3,380;  and  in  the 
senior  high  schools,  2,200 — a  total  estimated  school  enrollment  of  16,880.  It  is 
evident  that  a  comprehensive  school  building  program  must  take  into  con- 
sideration this  important  factor  of  growth.  Two  factors  that  might  affect  this 
growth  are  the  restrictions  on  buildings  and  the  space  available  for  additional 
building  facilities. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


31 


TABLE  III. 

ESTIMATED  FUTURE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  POPULATION  AND 

SCHOOL  ENROLLMENT  OF  CLEVELAND  HEIGHTS 


K-6 

7-9 

10-12 

Total  School 

Year 

Population 

Enrollment 

Enrollment 

Enrollment 

Enrollment 

1916* 

6,260 

641 

192 

125 

958 

1917* 

8,650 

921 

230 

215 

1,366 

1918* 

11,210 

1,164 

335 

232 

1,731 

1919* 

14,810 

1,542 

470 

286 

2,298 

1920 

22,400 

2,290 

680 

440 

3,410 

1921 

27,000 

2,750 

830 

540 

4,120 

1922 

29,500 

3,030 

910 

590 

4,530 

1923 

33,500 

3,430 

1,030 

670 

5,130 

1924 

37,000 

3,780 

1,130 

740 

5,650 

1925 

41,000 

4,200 

1,260 

810 

6,280 

1926 

44,500 

4,550 

1,360 

890 

6,800 

1927 

48,000 

4,940 

1,480 

960 

7,380 

1928 

51,500 

5,300 

1,580 

1,030 

7,910 

1929 

55,000 

5,650 

1,690 

1,100 

8,440 

1930 

59,000 

6,050 

1,810 

1,180 

9,040 

1931 

62,500 

6,400 

1,920 

1,250 

9,570 

1932 

66,500 

6,750 

2,070 

1,310 

10,130 

1933 

72,000 

7,380 

2,210 

1,440 

11,030 

1934 

77,000 

7,900 

2,360 

1,540 

11,800 

1935 

83,000 

8,520 

2,560 

1,660 

12,740 

1936 

88,000 

9,050 

2,700 

1,760 

13,510 

1937 

94,000 

9,600 

2,880 

1,880 

14,360 

1938 

99,000 

10,580 

3,020 

1,980 

15,580 

1939 

105,000 

10,800 

3,220 

2,100 

16,120 

1940 

110,000 

11,300 

3,380 

2,200 

16,880 

*Actual  figures  for  these  years. 


Building  Restrictions 


Table  IV  shows  the  number  of  blocks  of  the  city  subdivided  before  March 
1,  1920,  under  each  type  of  restriction  and  the  per  cent  each  is  of  the  total. 
Forty-eight  per  cent  of  the  total  is  restricted  to  one-family  residence,  IS  per 
cent  to  two-family  residences,  34  per  cent  to  mixed  doubles  and  singles,  and 
only  three  per  cent  is  unrestricted  or  open  to  apartments  and  business  or  com- 
mercial enterprises.  Most  of  these  restrictions  do  not  expire  until  1940.  It  is 
very  clear,  therefore,  that  Cleveland  Heights  is  almost  completely  residential 
and  will  remain  so. 


TABLE  IV. 
NUMBER  OF  BLOCKS  UNDER  EACH  TYPE  OF  RESTRICTION 


Singles 


Doubles 


Mixed 


Total  No. 
Undestricted      of  Blocks 


Number  150 

Per  cent  48 


45^ 
15 


110^ 
34 


10 
3 


316 


32  School  Building  Program 


Table  V  shows  the  different  types  of  buildings  actually  found  in  Cleveland 
Heights  January  1,  1920.  These  figures  are  based  upon  data  from  the  oflFice  of 
Inspector  Williams  of  the  Cleveland  Heights  Building  and  Plumbing  Inspection 
Department.  The  table  shows  that  there  were  at  that  time  a  total  of  3,513 
residences  in  Cleveland  Heights.  These  can  accommodate  approximately 
4,602  families.  Of  all  the  buildings  now  erected,  2,788  or  79  per  cent  are  single 
residences.  This  proportion  will  undoubtedly  grow  less  as  the  newer  allot- 
ments are  deevloped,  for  they  are  open  for  doubles  and  singles,  whereas  most 
of  the  older  section  is  restricted  to  singles. 

TABLE  V. 

DWEI.LINGS  ERECTED  IN  CLEVELAND   HEIGHTS,  SHOWING 
KINDS  AND  TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  FAMILIES  ACCOMMODATED 

Dwellings  Prior  to  1915         1915-16      1917         1918  1919  Total 

One-family *852 

Two  families 

Four  families 2 

Six  families  5 

Eight  families 

Twelve  families  ...         1 
Sixteen   families    . .         1 
Eighteen   families.. 
Twenty  families    . . 

Total    861 

Families  accommodated — 

918  1,151        710        344     1,479        4,602 


717 

344 

156 

719 

2,788 

113 

94 

78 

347 

632 

18 

6 

6 

32 

20 

21 

4 

50 

2 

1 

'i 

4 

i 

870 

467 

238 

1,077 

3,513 

Cumulative  totals  of  families- 


2,069     2,779     3,123     4,602 


♦Probably  some  of  the  buildings  erected  previous  to  1915  were  two-family 
houses,  but  this  is  not  determinable.  This  number  has  been  treated  as  singles 
in  the  family  estimates. 

This  table  reads:  Prior  to  1915  there  were  852  one  family  residences,  in 
1915-16,  717  new  one  family  houses  were  built,  etc., — a  total  of  2,788  singles  by 
the  end  of  1919.  At  the  foot  of  the  table  are  shown  the  number  of  families 
accommodated  by  the  new  buildings  erected  each  year  and  the  cumulative 
total. 

Available  Space  for  New  Buildings 

Another  factor  that  might  affect  the  possible  growth  of  the  city  is  the 
space  available  for  new  buildings.  A  study  of  the  lot  occupancy  before  Jan- 
uary 1,  1920,  reveals  the  following  facts: 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  33 


TABLE  VI. 

No.  of  Lots 
L   Total  in  space  allotted  up  to  Jan.  1,  1920 12,828 

2.  Total  occupied   3,577 

3.  Remaining  area  allotted  but  unoccupied  9,251 

4.  Number  in  unalloted  area,  assuming  five  lots  per  acre 7,150 

5.  Total  available  space  in  Cleveland  Heights 16,401 

6.  Number  of  additional  people  who  can  be  accommodated,  assuming 

five  individuals  per  lot ' 82,005 

7.  Estimated  population,  June  1,  1920 19,200 

8.  Total  number  of  people  who  can  be  accommodated 101,205 

Table  VI  shows  that  101,205  people  can  be  accommodated  within  the 
present  limits  of  Cleveland  Heights.  It  is  believed  that  this  number  is  some- 
what conservative,  as  only  five  lots  per  acre  were  allowed  for  the  area  not 
subdivided  and  as  it  has  been  found  that  in  developed  communities  there  are 
generally  more  than  five  individuals  per  lot  occupied.  In  view  of  these  facts,  it 
is  quite  probable  that  Cleveland  Heights  can  easily  accommodate  the  esti- 
mated 110,000  people. 

Cleveland  Heights  is  a  rapidly  growing  city  of  a  predominantly  residential 
character.  Any  comprehensive  school  building  program  must,  therefore,  be 
based  upon  the  needs  of  a  rapidly  growing  city  of  homes. 


Policy  of  Organization 


The  traditional  American  scheme  of  organization  is  commonly  called  the 
8-4  plan,  which  means  the  regular  eight-grade  elementary  school  and  the  four- 
year  high  school.  These  two  types  of  schools  grew  up  as  completely  separate 
units.  This  plan  of  organization  is  rapidly  changing  throughout  the  country 
and  there  is  a  distinct  tendency  toward  a  six-year  elementary  school,  followed 
by  the  junior  high  school  (grades  seven  to  nine)  and  the  senior  high  school 
(grades  ten  to  twelve).  There  are  numerous  variations  from  the  6-3-3  plan, 
such  as  7-5,  6-6,  6-4-2,  6-2-4,  etc. 

The  general  tendency  toward  the  6-3-3  organization  was  initiated  largely 
through  the  studies  of  retardation  and  elimination  of  pupils  made  by  various 
cities.  These  showed  that  only  about  one-third  of  the  pupils  who  entered  the 
schools  continued  into  the  high  schools.  The  elimination  was  greatest  in 
grades  seven  and  eight.  "During  the  early  years  of  school  life  it  is  important 
that  all  children  require  a  common  fund  of  aims,  ideals,  ideas  and  habits  of 
thought  and  action  in  order  that  there  may  be  social  and  national  solidarity. 
It  is  in  the  elementary  school  that  the  child  should  gain  control  over  the  tools 
of  the  fundamental  subjects.  All  research  studies  show  that  pupils  who  are 
in  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades  gain  little  ability  in  the  tool  subjects  beyond 
that  of  the  average  sixth  grade  child.  The  work  of  the  two  upper  grades  is 
largely  review  work  in  the  traditional  school  and  has  become  very  much 
formalized."*  The  demand  of  the  communities  that  the  work  of  these  grades 
be  vitalized  and  enriched  led  to  the  movement  for  the  junior  high  school, 

*From  report  by  Charles  L.  Spain,  Deputy  Superintendent  of  Schools, 
Detroit 


34  School  Building  Program 


More  recent  investigations  of  the  physiological  and  psychological  develop- 
ment of  the  child  give  an  even  stronger  justification  for  the  six-year  elementary 
school  and  the  three-year  junior  high  school,  distinct  from  both  the  elementary 
school  and  senior  high.  It  has  been  found  that  the  period  of  adolescence 
begins  with  the  ordinary  child  at  about  the  age  of  twelve,  which  is  the  age  the 
normal  child  enters  the  seventh  grade.  It  is  during  the  period  of  adolescence 
that  the  child  goes  through  the  most  critical  stage,  in  many  respects,  in  his 
whole  life.  He  is  restless,  uneasy,  highly  emotional,  and  is  going  through  the 
period  of  most  rapid  physical  development.  In  the  classroom,  the  methods  of 
the  elementary  school  are  illy  adapted.  The  child  cannot  be  dealt  with  in  the 
same  way.  It  is  to  meet  this  need  on  the  part  of  the  child  that  the  distinct 
and  separate  junior  high  school  should  be  provided.  The  child  can  be  given 
special  attention;  he  can  be  helped  to  overcome  the  problems  peculiar  to  this 
period;  and  the  curriculum  can  be  greatly  enriched  to  develop  the  child  in 
the  broadest  sense  possible. 

"It  is  at  this  time  that  vocational  interests  begin  to  dawn,  when  children 
begin  to  think  about  their  life  work.  By  the  time  they  reach  the  age  of  six- 
teen the  great  mass  of  them  must  find  their  way  into  industry.  Their  interest 
is  no  longer  in  books.  What  they  need  is  the  opportunity  to  test  themselves 
in  a  variety  of  vocational  activities.  These  things  the  elementary  school  can- 
not well  provide."*  In  order  that  the  group  that  is  to  be  dealt  with  in  these 
difficult  years  may  be  as  homogeneous  as  possible,  it  is  essential  that  a  sep- 
arate type  of  school  be  organized. 

The  junior  high  school  should  be  followed  by  a  three-year  senior  high 
school  as  a  distinct  unit.  The  curriculum  of  this  school  should  be  differentiated 
in  as  many  respects  as  possible.  It  should  be  adjusted  to  meet  the  needs  of 
the  community.  It  should  be  considered  in  every  sense  a  higher  educational 
unit,  designed  to  meet  the  demand  for  educational  opportunity  beyond  the 
junior  high  school. 

Reports  from  thirty-five  of  the  larger  cities  of  the  country  show  that  all 
but  three  of  them  have  this  policy  in  operation,  or  are  planning  to  introduce  it. 

TABLE  VII. 
PRESENT  STATUS  OF  6-3-3  PLAN  IN  THIRTY-FIVE  CITIES 

6-3-3  Plan  in  Operation — 

Baltimore,  Md.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Boston,  Mass.  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Chicago,  111.  Newark,  N.  J. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Cleveland,  Ohio.  Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Columbus,  Ohio,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Denver,  Colo.  Richmond,  Va. 

Des  Moines,  la.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Detroit,  Mich.  San  Francisco,  Cal, 

Duluth,  Minn.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah, 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  Springfield,  III. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Washington,  D.  C. 

♦From  report  by  Chas.  L.  Spain,  Deputy  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Detroit. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  35 


Planning  to  Introduce  6-3-3  Plan — 
Atlanta,  Ga.  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

BuflFalo,  N.  Y.  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Omaha,  Nebr.  Seattle,  Wash. 

Not  Planning  to  Introduce  6-3-3  Plan — 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Birmingham,  Ala. 
New  Orleans,  La. 

The  buildings  that  are  now  being  used  can  easily  be  incorporated  into 
the  ultimate  plant  if  this  organization  policy  is  adopted. 

Number  and  Type  of  Buildings  Needed 

The  third  consideration  in  planning  a  comprehensive  building  program  is 
the  determination  of  the  number  of  buildings  of  each  type  that  will  be  needed 
to  carry  out  tne  organization  policy  and  the  selection  of  the  sites. 

Table  VIII  shows  the  conditions  of  the  present  school  plant,  presenting 
the  number  of  buildings  of  a  permanent  character,  the  number  of  portables, 
the  enrollment  to  date,  and  the  capacity  of  the  permanent  buildings,  placing 
the  room   capacity  at  35  pupils. 

TABLE  VIII. 

CHARACTER  OF  PRESENT  ELEMENTARY  PLANT 


Rooms  in  Enrollment      Stand.  Cap. 

School  Grades  Building       Portables         to  date    of  School  BIdgs. 

Coventry     K-6A  13  0  465  455 

Fairfax  K-7A 

Lee  2B-7A 

Noble 1 A-7 

Roxboro 1 A-7A 

Severance*    K-2B 

Superior* ..K-2A 


♦Severance  and  Superior  are  residences  equipped  for  school  purposes. 

At  the  present  time  over  40  per  cent  of  the  elementary  pupils  are  housed 
in  temporary  structures.  This  condition  was  unavoidable  due  to  the  Gov- 
ernment restriction  on  building  during  the  war,  and  the  phenomenal  growth 
of  the  city.  Since  the  restrictions  were  removed,  additions  have  been  begun 
on  the  Fairfax  School,  and  the  High  School,  and  the  Roxboro  elementary 
building  has  been  started.  These  three  buildings  and  Coventry  are  all  new 
and  of  modern  fireproof  construction.  They  can  be  incorporated  into  the 
ultimate  plant.  The  other  buildings  will  help  meet  the  present  demands  but 
are  not  recommended  as  a  part  of  the  ultimate  plant.  Severance  and  Superior 
are  two  of  the  buildings  which  should  be  definitely  abandoned  in  the  ultimate 
school  plant,  for  they  are  not  well  located,  they  are  small,  they  do  not  meet 
the  needs  of  the  modern  school,  they  are  not  of  modern  fireproof  construc- 
tion and  would  be  merely  an  unnecessary  expense  to  the  school  district. 


8 

8 

551 

280 

9 

9 

542 

315 

4 

1 

150 

140 

0 

7 

202 

0 

0 

2 

42 

0 

0 

5 

130 

0 

36  School  Building  Program 


Play  Ground  Area  per  Pupil 

Table  IX  shows  the  present  playground  area  per  pupil  for  each  school, 
based  on  present  enrollment  and  also  the  area  based  on  the  possible  capacity 
of  each  school  when  the  new  additions  are  completed.  The  table  shows  that 
at  the  present  time  the  average  area  per  pupil  ranges  from  87  square  fe^t  at 
Superior  to  403  square  feet  at  Roxboro.  Taking  into  consideration  the 
additions  that  are  being  built,  the  range  in  the  playground  area  is  reduced 
to  50  square  feet  in  Superior  and  to  130  square  feet  at  Roxboro.  In  the  Fair- 
fax and  the  High  School-Lee  sites,  the  area  will  be  less  than  100  feet  per 
pupil.  When  it  is  considered  that  100  square  feet  means  a  plot  of  ground 
only  10  feet  by  10  feet,  or  a  space  about  six  times  as  large  as  the  space  the 
pupil  is  given  in  the  classroom,  it  becomes  obvious  that  provision  should  be 
made  in  the  purchase  of  future  sites  to  secure  sites  of  adequate  size,  so  that 
there  will  always  be  sufficient  playground  area  to  meet  the  possible  growth 
of  the  school.  In  each  of  the  new  modern  elementary  school  buildings  there 
is  a  gymnasium  and  an  auditorium.  The  use  of  these  adds  greatly  to  the 
play  facilities  of  the  schools. 

TABLE  IX. 
SQUARE  FEET  OF  PLAYGROUND  AREA  PER  PUPIL 

Playground  Present  Projected 

Area  Park  Present  Projected  sq.  ft    sq.  ft.  per 

School  (Square  Feet)       Area        Enrollment     Enrollment     per  pupil        pupil 

High  School  &  Lee  1,269  2,000 

Present    Site     191,176  62,400  150  96 

Projected   Site    160,572  62,400  126  80 

Fairfax  (new)  47,734  80,875  508              630             94  76 

Coventry    (new)    51,000  34,848  457               455             112  114 

Roxboro   (new)    81,517  56,100  202               630            403  130 

Noble  (new)   53,945  27,900  149              420           362  128 

Superior   (new)  125  200 
Inclusive  of  cov- 
ered playground  . .     12,833  16,500  102  60 
Exclusive  of  cov~ 
ered    playground..     10,883  16,500  87  50 

This  table  reads:  Fairfax  has  a  playground  area  of  47,734  square  feet,  a 
park  area  (lawn)  of  80,875,  a  present  enrollment,  including  portables,  of  508, 
a  capacity  of  630  when  the  additions  are  completed.  The  present  playground 
area  per  pupil  is  94  square  feet;  when  additions  are  completed.  Id  square  feet 
per  pupil  will  be  the  possible  play  area. 


Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  37 


Size  of  School  Sites 

In  general,  elementary  school  sites  should  be  not  less  than  five  acres, 
junior  high  school  sites  not  less  than  seven  acres,  and  senior  high  school 
sites  not  less  than  fifteen  acres.  The  size  of  elementary  schools  will  vary 
with  the  density  of  population  and  with  the  size  of  the  area  from  which 
they  draw.  But  at  the  present  time  it  is  not  possible  to  estimate  the  ultimate 
size  of  a  school.  Any  school  building  should  be  so  planned  and  constructed 
that  it  will  be  passible  to  add  extensions  to  it  as  they  are  needed.  The  sites 
should  be  large  enough  to  accommodate  these  extensions  and  still  provide 
adequate  playground  area. 

Distances  Children  May  Travel 

Elementary  schools  should  be  more  numerous  than  high  schools,  as  they 
must  be  so  situated  that  young  children  will  not  be  obliged  to  travel  long  dis- 
stances  to  reach  them.  The  larger  the  area  drawn  from,  the  fewer  schools 
will  be  needed.  It  is  fairly  well  agreed  that  elementary  school  sites  should 
not  be  more  than  one  mile  apart.  This  would  mean  that  no  child  would  be 
obliged  to  travel  more  than  one-half  mile  to  reach  the  nearest  elementary 
school.  Older  children  can  be  required  to  travel  greater  distances.  This 
makes  it  possible  to  locate  junior  high  schools  so  that  they  will  draw  from 
larger  areas,  say  from  an  area  equivalent  to  that  of  four  elementary  schools. 
This  would  place  junior  high  schools  about  two  miles  apart,  no  child  being 
obliged  to  walk  more  than  a  mile  to  reach  a  school  of  this  type.  A  senior 
high  school  can  draw  from  a  still  larger  area.  If  a  high  school  were  located 
in  the  center  of  Cleveland  Heights,  no  child  would  be  more  than  one  and 
one-half  miles  from  it,  except  the  children  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of 
the  district.  This  section  is  very  conveniently  located  with  respect  to  the 
high  schools  in  East  Cleveland  and  South  Euclid.  Shaker  Heights  High 
School  is  situated  less  than  a  mile  from  the  Roxboro  site.  In  making  plans 
to  secure  an  adequate  high  school  site,  the  location  of  the  high  schools  in  the 
vicinity  must  be  considered. 

A  high  school  site  should  be  at  least  15  acres  in  size  in  order  that  pro- 
visions may  be  made  for  adequate  space  for  playground  and  athletic  facilities 
and  for  future  growth.  Four  junior  high  schools  are  sufficient  to  meet  the 
ultimate  needs  of  Cleveland  Heights.  In  terms  of  the  estimated  growth  they 
would  accommodate  on  the  average  about  800  students.  The  ultimate  ele- 
mentary school  plant,  as  recommended,  will  contain  12  schools.  They  are  so 
located  that  not  more  than  10  or  15  per  cent  of  the  pupils  will  be  required  to 
travel  more  than  half  a  mile  to  reach  the  nearest  school.  At  the  present  time 
over  20  per  cent  of  the  pupils  must  travel  more  than  this  distance. 


38  School  Building  Program 


Immediate  Requirements 

The  immediate  recommendations  for  additional  buildings  must  take  into 
consideration  the  buildings  and  additions  now  under  construction  and  the 
relief  afforded  by  them;  the  overcrowded  condition  of  the  present  schools; 
and  the  growth  in  different  sections  of  the  city. 

Table  X  shows  the  relation  between  the  capacity  of  the  present  buildings 
with  their  additions  and  the  probable  enrollment  in  1922,  based  upon  the 
probable  growth  of  the  district  within  which  they  are  located.  It  shows  that 
each  of  these  schools  with  the  exception  of  Roxboro,  will  be  overloaded.  This 
factor  determined  the  recommendations  made  for  each  school.  The  Lee 
School  is  at  present  overcrowded  and  could  be  relieved  only  by  the  building 
of  a  new  elementary  school. 


TABLE  X. 

PROBABLE  ENROLLMENT  IN  FEBRUARY,  1922,  IN  PRESENT 
SCHOOLS,  COMPARED  WITH  CAPACITY 


School  Capacity 

Coventry 455 

Fairfax    630 

Roxboro    630 

Noble     135 

Lee    350 


Table  XI  shows  the  rate  of  home  construction  in  the  districts  from  which 
the  various  schools  will  draw  in  the  proposed  immediate  building  program. 
It  can  be  seen  that  the  Coventry  and  Noble  districts  are  showing  the  least 
growth.  The  growth  in  the  Fairfax  district  is  very  large,  having  an  average 
increase  of  33  per  cent  annually  in  the  last  three  years.  Similar  conditions 
exist  in  the  district  of  the  proposed  Washington  Boulevard  and  Goodnor 
Road  site.  A  building  erected  on  this  site  would  help  to  materially  relieve 
the  congestion  at  both  Lee  and  Fairfax  Schools.  Extensions  to  the  Fairfax, 
Coventry  and  Noble  plants  would  meet  the  pressing  needs  of  the  next  three 
3'ears  for  the  respective  districts. 


Probable 

Enrollment 

Overload 

594 

139 

843 

213 

295 

335 

170 

35 

now  overloa 

ided 

Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio 


39 


TABLE  XI. 

RATE    OF   HOME   CONSTRUCTION    IN    DISTRICTS   BOUNDED    BY 

CIRCLES  OF  ONE-HAI.F  MILE  RADIUS  ABOUT  SCHOOLS 

AND  PROPOSED  SITES 


School  or  Site 


Houses 
in  1916 


Houses  Built 
Since  1916 


ToUl  Annual 

Percent  Percent 

of  Growth        of  Growth 


Coventry     593 

Fairfax    312 

Roxboro    241 

Rockefeller    Site..  173 
Washington  Blvd. 

&  Goodnor  Road  151 

Noble    103 


$68 

45 

15 

307 

98 

ZZ 

169 

70 

23 

124 

72 

24 

146 

97 

32 

21 

21 

7 

At  the  present  time  the  high  school  building  can  accommodate  the  junior 
and  senior  high  schools.  The  district  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Fairfax  School  is 
growing  very  rapidly  and  it  is  probable  that  a  close  study  of  the  development 
of  this  section  will  justify  the  construction  within  a  short  time  of  a  junior 
high  school  on  the  proposed  East  Scarborough-Queenston  site.  The  growth 
in  the  Roxboro  district  is  so  small  that  for  some  time  to  come  the  Roxboro 
School  can  accommodate  both  the  elementary  school  and  grades  seven  and 
eight  of  the  junior  high  school.  This  should  be  only  a  temporary  arrange- 
ment and  should  be  changed  when  the  proposed  junior  high  school  is  con- 
structed on  the  East  Scarborough-Queenston  site. 


Jl\' 


^  ^ji^\ 


^lAm^M^^^m 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW        ™ 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  'NCReTse  TO  sS  CEN?-  -  """^  ''^'^'-'^ 
DAY  AND  TO  $1  OO  ON  TMp  «  """^  ''°'"'^" 
OVERDUE.  ^  ^"^  SEVENTH  DAY 


LD21-I00m.l2,'43  (8796s) 


r.aylord  Uros. 

Makers 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

CAT.  JAN,  21,  1908 


'51249 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  UBRARY 


